Painting Defects

PAINT FAULTS, BITTINESS

Inclusions, either airborne or from the paint itself.could be partially cured paint, out of shelf life.

BITTINESS

COATING FAULTS, BLEEDING

The solvent from the top coat softens the under lying material and allows it to pass into and through the layer, causing discoloration. Brown for bitumen, yellow for coal tars.

BLEEDING

COATING FAULTS BLISTERING

Blisters can be filled with gas, Liquid or crystals

BLISTERING

COATING FAULTS CHALKING

Degradation Of A Binder Due To Disruptive Factors In The Environment

CHALKING

COATING FAULTS CISSING

Caused by inadequate surface preparation. A difference in surface energy causes local lack of adhesion. 

CISSING

COATING FAULTS CRACKING
COATING AGE AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION

CRACKING

COATING FAULTS CRATERING
BOWL SHAPED DEPRESSIONS. CAUSED BY ESCAPING SOLVENT OR GASES. PAINT IS OF TOO LOW A VISCOSITY TO FLOW AND FILL THE DEPRESSIONS

CRATERING

COATING FAULTS CURTAINS, SAGS, RUNS AND TEARS
CAUSED BY OVER APPLICATION. REMOVE OFFENDING EXCESS MATERIAL, LIGHTLY ABRADE, RECOAT.

CURTAINS, SAGS, RUNS AND TEARS

COATING FAULTS FLAKING
MATERIAL PROGRESSIVELY GETS BRITTLE WITH AGE, CRACKS AND BEGINS TO DETACH

FLAKING

COATING FAULTS HOLIDAYS
DEFINED AS BEING :- A VOID, A MISS, OR AN UNCOATED AREA

HOLIDAYS

COATING FAULTS LIFTING
CAUSED BY SOLVENT STRENGTH AND ALSO LACK OF

OBSERVANCE OF STATED OVERCOATING TIME

LIFTING

ORANGE PEEL
SIMILAR APPEARANCE TO A CITRUS FRUIT SKIN CAUSED BY PAINT VISCOSITY PROBLEMS OR BY APPLICATOR TECHNIQUE

ORANGE PEEL

COATING FAULTS ROPINESS

BRUSHMARKS

ROPINESS

ALGAE AND MOULD GROWTH

ALGAE AND MOULD GROWTH

COATING FAULTS WRINKLING AND RIVELLING

WRINKLING AND RIVELLING

QUANTITITIVE TESTS FOR HYGROSCOPIC SALTS MERKOQUANT TEST BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH

SALTS DETECTION, BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH KIT

COLOUR MUNSELL AND BS 4800
L= LUMINANCE, CHROMA
a= FROM GREEN TO RED
b= FROM BLUE TO YELLOW
YELLOW THROUGH GREEN ,BLUE

PURPLE, RED AND BACK TO YELLOW

HEALTH AND SAFETY DRAGER TUBE AND BELLOWS

DRAGER TUBE AND BELLOWS
TO TEST THE AIR QUALITY WHEN USING SOLVENTS
VARYING CRYSTAL TYPES FOR DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
EXAMPLE : XYLENE (OEL: 100 ppm)
RAQ: 500 CC (5 DEPRESSIONS)
CRYSTALS WILL CHANGE COLOUR, (WHITE TO RED/BROWN)

TOXICITY LEVELS READ FROM THE SCALE ON THE TUBE

RUST GRADES

RUST GRADES

BLASTING GRADES A Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES B Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES B Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES, COMPARISONS

BLASTING GRADES C Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES C Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

BLASTING GRADES D Sa 1 and Sa 2

BLASTING GRADES D Sa 2.5 and Sa 3

SURFACE PROFILE ASSESSMENT SURFACE COMPARATOR TO BS 7079 Pt C, ISO 8503 SHOT BLAST COMPARATOR. NOT TO BE USED FOR SURFACE CLEANLINESS. ONLY FOR ASSESSMENT OF SHOT BLASTED SUBSTRATES. GRIT BLAST COMPARATOR CAN ALSO BE USED ON SUBSTRATES BLASTED WITH GRIT/SHOT MIX

DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING MEASURING PRESSURE AT THE NOZZLE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE GAUGE INSERT THE NEEDLE THROUGH THE HOSE WITH THE NEEDLE TOWARDS THE NOZZLE, AT AN ANGLE OF APP. 45 DEGREES

SURFACE PREPARATION

HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING B St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION

HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING C St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION

HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING D St 2 and St 3

SURFACE PREPARATION FLAME CLEANING

WHIRLING HYGROMETER

PAINT TESTING

DENSITY THE DENSITY ( SG ) CUP

PAINT TESTING
HEGMAN GRIND GAUGE

FOR FINENESS OF GRIND, DEGREE OF DISPERSION

REPLICA TAPE AND DIAL MICROMETER

PAINT TESTING, VISCOSITY ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER WITH ROTOTHINNER MEASURES DYNAMIC VISCOSITY. UNITS, POISES

PAINT TESTING. VISCOSITY KREBS STORMER VISCOMETER KINEMATIC VISCOSITY DRIVEN BY A FALLING WEIGHT, THE HEAVIER THE WEIGHT THE FASTER IT ROTATES. CRITERIA 200 RPM UNITS STOKE OR POISE

MECHANICAL THUMB TEST, THROUGH DRYING

PAINT TESTING FLOW VISCOSITY A FORD FLOW CUP FORD FLOW CUP IN ITS RETORT AND SHOWING THE 4mm DIA HOLE

PAINT TESTING VISCOSITY. FORD FLOW CUP

PAINT FILM MEASUREMENT, WET FILM ECCENTRIC WHEEL

WET FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT COMB GAUGES

ADHESION TESTS CROSS CUT ( CROSS HATCH ) TEST SPECIAL CUTTER TOOL

DESTRUCTIVE TEST GAUGES. THE SABERG TEST DRILL

DFT MEASUREMENTS ELECTRONIC GAUGES ELECTROPHYSIC MINI TEST THE EXACTO ELCOMETER 456

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC.THE TINSLEY PENCIL

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC, HORSESHOE GAUGE

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC,THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 111

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, MAGNETIC THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 211 SCALE MOVES TO THE CURSER

DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT COLOUR CODED CALIBRATION SHIMS PURPLE 25um BLUE 50um BROWN 125um WHITE 250um YELLOW 500um nominal values

ADHESION TESTS THE HYDRAULIC ADHESION TESTER

ADHESION TESTS THE DOLLY TEST

DESTRUCTIVE TEST GAUGES THE P.I.G.

OPACITY, THE PFUND CRYPTOMETER

HIDING POWER CHARTS AND ADJUSTABLE APPLICATOR

FLEXIBILITY TEST CONICAL MANDREL

WOLFF- WILBORN PENCIL SCRATCH TEST USES THE PENCIL HARDNESS RATING.

HEALTH AND SAFETY, COSHH REGULATIONS ABBREVIATIONS
EH 40, GUIDANCE NOTES, HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE
MEL , MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT
OEL, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
OES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD
LEL, LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
UEL, UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

RAQ, REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY