Monday 31 October 2016
Skid Mounted LPG Station
1) Minimum Installation Area.
2) Low Investments and low maintenance Cost.
3) Transportable, compact system on the Skid.
4) Ex-proof electrical execution.
5) Safety execution included.
6) Possibility to compose the system as complete unit with all required safety fittings.
7) Additionally available with Autogas filling station.
1) Delivered product : LPG
2) Temperature range : -15℃ ~ 40℃
3) Design pressure : 1.8MPa
4) Flow rate : depending on the type of pump installed
5) Tension : 380V / 50Hz, 220V / 50Hz
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| Skid Mounted LPG Station |
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| Skid Mounted LPG Station |
Saturday 29 October 2016
Specific Gravity Table
Types of Heat Exchangers
1- Double Pipe Heat Exchange's
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| Double Pipe Heat Exchange's
Advantages of Double Pipe
Heat Exchangers:
1.Simplest type of heat exchangers
2.Can be easily assembled
3.Relatively low cost/ft2
4.Small sizes results in high Re and consequently high h
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Friday 28 October 2016
Welding Consumable Calculation
click here to dowload -- >> Welding Consumable Calculation
How to download --> click on link wait 5 Sec then click on SKIP AD
Monday 24 October 2016
Painting Defects
PAINT FAULTS, BITTINESS
Inclusions,
either airborne or from the paint itself.could be partially cured paint, out of
shelf life.
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| BITTINESS |
Thursday 20 October 2016
LPG AutoGas Station Installation Drawing, Design
Autogas is the common name
for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) when it is used as a fuel in internal
combustion engines invehicles as well
as in stationary applications such as generators. It is a
mixture of propane and butane.
Autogas is widely
used as a "green" fuel, as its use reduces CO2 exhaust
emissions by around
15% compared to petrol. One litre of petrol produces 2.3 kg of CO2 when burnt, whereas
the equivalent amount of autogas (1.33 litre due to lower density of autogas)
produces only 1.5 * 1.33 = 2 kg of CO2 when burnt. It has an octane rating (MON/RON)
that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content (higher heating value—HHV)
that is between 25.5 megajoules per litre (for pure propane) and
28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon the actual fuel
composition.
Autogas is the third
most popular automotive fuel in the world, with approximately 16 million of 600
million passenger cars powered using the fuel, representing less than 3% of the
total market share. Approximately half of all autogas-fueled passenger vehicles
are in the five largest markets (in descending order): Turkey, South Korea,
Poland, Italy, and Australia.
IN PAKISTAN
LPG was allowed to be used
as an automotive fuel in 2005 and first Autogas station became operative in
2010 located at Sialkot. Uptill 2014 there were only four Autogas stations
operating in Pakistan serving around 1000 vehicles. LPG failed to attract
attention of the investors and customers due to extremely cheap prices of CNG
as Pakistan had huge Natural Gas reserves. Pakistan in a decade became the
largest consumer of CNG. This impacted Pakistan's reserves in a negative way
and they receded in a quick span. In November 2013 Oil and Gas Regulatory
Authority issued about 40 NoC's for setting up LPG Autogas stations mainly to
PSO, a State owned Petroleum giant. However, in December 2013 Oil and Gas
Regulatory Authority (OGRA) contrary to the rest of the world where LPG is
promoted, declared LPG a risk to public safety thus banned LPG to be used in
Public transport vehicles, thus closing the era of LPG in Pakistan even before
it started.
LPG AutoGas Station Installation Drawing, Design
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| LPG AUTOGAS STATION |
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UNDERGROUND LPG SYSTEM PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
|
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| BOQ (UNDERGROUND LPG SYSTEM PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM) |
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ABOVEGROUND LPG SYSTEM PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
|
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| LPG AUTO GAS STATION INSTRUMENTATION PART LIST |
Characteristics of LPG
- LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas
- Mixture of Propane & Butane (95/5)
- Heavier than air
- Ignition temperature of LPG is 450 0C
Benefits of LPG
- Re-fuelling time in vehicle is similar to petrol
- Vehicle conversion is significantly economical than CNG
- 20 kg LPG gives around 350 to 400 km run.
Why use LPG?
Unavailability of CNG and continuous increase in petrol & diesel prices invoke the need of cheaper alternative fuel.
ASME Certificates Offered
Power Boilers
Section I
Section I
·
S - Power Boilers
·
A - Assembly of Power Boilers
·
E - Electric Boilers
·
M - Miniature Boiler
·
PP - Pressure Piping
·
V - Boiler Pressure Relief Valves
·
PRT - Parts Fabrication
Heating Boilers
Section IV
Section IV
·
H - Heating Boilers/Cast Iron Sectional Heating Boiler
·
HLW - Lined Potable Water Heaters
·
HV - Heating Boiler Safety Valves
·
PRT - Parts Fabrication
Pressure Vessels
Section VIII Division 1
Section VIII Division 1
·
U - Pressure Vessels
·
UM - Miniature Pressure Vessels
·
UV - Pressure Vessel Pressure Relief Valves
·
UD - Pressure Vessel Pressure Relief Devices
Pressure Vessels
Section VIII Division 2
Section VIII Division 2
·
U2 - Pressure Vessels (Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels)
Pressure Vessels
Section VIII Division 3
Section VIII Division 3
·
U3 - High Pressure Vessels
·
UV3 - High Pressure Vessel Pressure Relief Valves
·
UD3 - High Pressure Vessel Pressure Relief Devices
Reinforced Plastic Vessels
Section X
Section X
·
RP - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels
Transports Tank
Section XII
Section XII
·
T - Transport Tanks
·
TV - Transport Tanks Pressure Relief Valves
·
TD - Transport Tanks Pressure Relief Devices
·
PRT - Parts Fabrication
Wednesday 19 October 2016
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL TO CODE SPECIFICATION
American, Indian, British, Japanese,
German and many other codes are available for design of pressure vessels.
However the internationally accepted pressure vessel code is American Society
Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Various codes governing the procedures for the design for fabrication,
inspection, testing, and operation of pressure vessels have been developed,
partly as a safety measure. These procedure furnish standards by which, any
state can be assured of the safety of the pressure vessel installed within its
boundaries. The code used for unfired pressure vessel is section 8 of the ASME
boiler and pressure vessel code. It is usually necessary that the pressure
vessel equipment be designed to a specific code in order to obtain insurances
on the plant in which the vessel is to be used. Regardless of the method of
design, pressure vessels within the limits of the ASME code specifications are
usually checked against the specifications.
DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF ASME CODE
In 1911, American society of mechanical engineers, established a committee to formulate standard specifications for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. This committee reviewed the existing Massachusetts and Ohio rules and conducted an extensive survey among superintends of inspecting departments, Engineers, fabricators and boiler operators. A number of preliminary reports were issued and revised. A final draft was prepared in 1914 and was approved as a code and copyrighted in 1915.
The introduction to the code started that public hearings on the code should be held every two years. In 1918, a revised edition of the ASME code was issued in 1924,the code was revised with the addition of the new section 8, which represented a new code for unfired pressure vessels.
THE API-ASME CODE
In 1931 a joint API-ASME committee on unfired pressure vessels was appointed to prepare a code for safe practice in the design, construction, inspection and repair of unfired pressure vessels.
SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF VESSEL
The first step in the design of any vessel is the selection of the type best suited for the particular service in question. The factors influencing this choice are:
1. The operating temperature and pressure.
2. Function and location of the vessel.
3. Nature of the fluid.
4. Necessary volume for storage or capacity for processing.
It is possible to indicate some generalities in the existing use of the common type of vessels. For storage of fluids at atmospheric pressure, cylindrical tanks with flat bottoms and conical roofs are commonly used. Spheres or spheroids are employed for pressure storage where the volume required is large. For smaller volume under pressure cylindrical tanks with formed heads are more economical
TYPE OF VESSELS
OPEN VESSELS
Open vessels are commonly used as urge tanks between operations , as vats for batch operations where materials may be mixed and blended as setting tanks, decanters, chemical reactors, reservoirs and s on. Obviously this type of vessel is cheaper than covered or closed vessel of the same capacity and construction. The decision as to whether or not open vessels may be used depends upon the fluid to be handled and the operation.
CLOSED VESSELS
Combustible fluids, fluids emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must not be stored in closed vessels. Dangerous chemicals such as caustic are less hazardous if stored in closed vessel. The combustible nature of petroleum and its products associates the use of closed vessels and tanks throughout the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Tanks used for the storage of crude oils and petroleum products and generally designed and constructed as per API specification for weld a silo storage tanks.
CYLINDRICAL VESSEL WITH FLAT BOTTOMS AND CONICAL OR DOMED ROOFS
The most economical design for a closed vessel operating of atmospheric pressure is the vertical cylindrical tank with a conical roof and a flat bottom resting directly on the bearing soil of the foundation composed by sand, gravel or crushed rock. In case where it is desirable to use a gravity feed, the tank is raised above the ground, and the flat bottom may be supported by columns and wooden joints or steel beams.
CYLINDRICAL VESSELS WITH FORMED ENDS
DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF ASME CODE
In 1911, American society of mechanical engineers, established a committee to formulate standard specifications for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. This committee reviewed the existing Massachusetts and Ohio rules and conducted an extensive survey among superintends of inspecting departments, Engineers, fabricators and boiler operators. A number of preliminary reports were issued and revised. A final draft was prepared in 1914 and was approved as a code and copyrighted in 1915.
The introduction to the code started that public hearings on the code should be held every two years. In 1918, a revised edition of the ASME code was issued in 1924,the code was revised with the addition of the new section 8, which represented a new code for unfired pressure vessels.
THE API-ASME CODE
In 1931 a joint API-ASME committee on unfired pressure vessels was appointed to prepare a code for safe practice in the design, construction, inspection and repair of unfired pressure vessels.
SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF VESSEL
The first step in the design of any vessel is the selection of the type best suited for the particular service in question. The factors influencing this choice are:
1. The operating temperature and pressure.
2. Function and location of the vessel.
3. Nature of the fluid.
4. Necessary volume for storage or capacity for processing.
It is possible to indicate some generalities in the existing use of the common type of vessels. For storage of fluids at atmospheric pressure, cylindrical tanks with flat bottoms and conical roofs are commonly used. Spheres or spheroids are employed for pressure storage where the volume required is large. For smaller volume under pressure cylindrical tanks with formed heads are more economical
TYPE OF VESSELS
OPEN VESSELS
Open vessels are commonly used as urge tanks between operations , as vats for batch operations where materials may be mixed and blended as setting tanks, decanters, chemical reactors, reservoirs and s on. Obviously this type of vessel is cheaper than covered or closed vessel of the same capacity and construction. The decision as to whether or not open vessels may be used depends upon the fluid to be handled and the operation.
CLOSED VESSELS
Combustible fluids, fluids emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must not be stored in closed vessels. Dangerous chemicals such as caustic are less hazardous if stored in closed vessel. The combustible nature of petroleum and its products associates the use of closed vessels and tanks throughout the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Tanks used for the storage of crude oils and petroleum products and generally designed and constructed as per API specification for weld a silo storage tanks.
CYLINDRICAL VESSEL WITH FLAT BOTTOMS AND CONICAL OR DOMED ROOFS
The most economical design for a closed vessel operating of atmospheric pressure is the vertical cylindrical tank with a conical roof and a flat bottom resting directly on the bearing soil of the foundation composed by sand, gravel or crushed rock. In case where it is desirable to use a gravity feed, the tank is raised above the ground, and the flat bottom may be supported by columns and wooden joints or steel beams.
CYLINDRICAL VESSELS WITH FORMED ENDS
Closed cylindrical vessels with formed heads on both sides used where the vapour pressure of the stored liquid may dictate a stronger design , codes are developed through the efforts of the American petroleum institute and the ASME to govern the design of such vessels . These vessels are usually less than 12 feet in diameter. If a large quantity of liquid is to be stored, a battery of vessels may be used.
SPHERICAL AND MODIFIED SPHERICAL VESSELS
Storage containers of large volumes under moderate pressure are usually fabricated in the shape of a sphere or spheroid. Capacities and pressures used in this type of vessel vary greatly for a given mass; the spherical type of tank is more economical for large volume, low pressure storage operation..
VERTICAL vs HORIZONTAL VESSELS
In general functional requirements determine whether the vessel shall be vertical or horizontal. e.g.: distilling columns, packed towers which utilize gravity require vertical installation.
Heat exchangers and storage vessels are either horizontal or vertical. If the vessel to be installed outdoor wind loads etc are to be calculated to prevent overturning, thus horizontal is more economical. However floor space, ground area and maintenance requirements should be considered.
THANKS,
Monday 17 October 2016
Welding And Its Classification
Welding:
Welding is a process of joining
two metal pieces by the application of heat. Welding is the least expensive
process and widely used now a days in fabrication. Welding joints different
metals with the help of a number of processes in which heat is supplied either
electrically or by mean of a gas torch. Different welding processes are used in
the manufacturing of Auto mobiles bodies, structural work, tanks, and general
machine repair work. In the industries , welding is used in refineries and pipe
line fabrication. It may be called a secondary manufacturing process.
Classification of welding
processes:
There are about 35 different
welding and brazing process and several soldering methods, in use by the
industry today. There are various ways of classifying the welding for example,
they may be classified on the basis of source of heat(flames ,arc etc.)
In general various welding
processes are classified as follows.
1: Gas Welding
(a): Air Acetylene
(b): Oxy Acetylene
(c): Oxy Hydrogen Welding
2: Arc Welding
(a): Carbon Arc welding
(b); Plasma Arc welding
(c): Shield Metal Arc Welding
(d): T.I.G. ( Tungsten Inert
Gas Welding)
(e): M.I.G. ( Metal Inert Gas
Welding)
3: Resistance Welding:
(a): Spot welding
(b): Seam welding
(c): Projection welding
(d): Resistance Butt welding
(e): Flash Butt welding
4: Solid State Welding:
(a): Cold welding
(b): Diffusion welding
(c): Forge welding
(d): Fabrication welding
(e): Hot pressure welding
(f): Roll welding
5: Thermo Chemical Welding
(a): Thermit welding
(b): Atomic welding
6: Radiant Energy Welding
(a): Electric Beam Welding
(b): Laser Beam Welding
Welding Joints
Different types of welding
joints are classified as Butt, Lap , Corner, Tee and edge joints which are
shown in figure
Thursday 13 October 2016
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments
or
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments
How to download --> click on link wait 5 Sec then click on SKIP AD
Machanical Engineers (Oil & Gas, Pressure Vessels)
Facebook Page (Pressure Vessel Design)
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